Penang Hill
Biosphere Reserve

On 15 September 2021, a significant milestone was reached as an area spanning 12,481 hectares at the northwestern corner of Penang Island was officially designated as the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve (PHBR) under UNESCO’s Man & the Biosphere Programme.

Biosphere Reserves worldwide are renowned for their biodiversity and unique social landscapes, serving as showcases for innovative ways of coexisting with nature.

The Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve now joins a prestigious global network comprising 738 sites across 134 countries. With its rich natural habitat hosting over 2,000 flora and 500 fauna species, it stands as a beacon for collaboration in realising the shared vision of harmonious living with nature.

What are Biosphere Reserves

Biosphere Reserve is a distinct designation given by UNESCO under the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB). Unlike UNESCO World Heritage Sites that seek to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity (UNESCO WHC), Biosphere Reserves are defined as ‘learning places for sustainable development’ and sites for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems, including conflict prevention and management of biodiversity. They are hoped to provide local solutions to global challenges. (UNESCO MAB)

As of June 2023, there are 748 biosphere reserves in 134 countries, including 23 transboundary sites.

Popular Biosphere Reserves Around the World

Biosphere Reserves in Malaysia

Our Dedication to PHBR

In line with The Habitat Foundation’s commitment to promoting awareness and appreciation for the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, we are thrilled to present a curated list of activities and programmes. These endeavours encompass community empowerment, school engagement, and environmental education, all come under the umbrella of Communication, Education, and Public Awareness (CEPA). In addition, we are working towards advancing our strategic partnerships.

Grants within the PHBR Area

Since its inception in 2018, The Habitat Foundation has prioritised grant applications tailored for the PHBR landscape. Presently, there are 14 ongoing and past grant projects spanning a spectrum from species research and conservation to ecological studies, sustainable development, and community engagement.

This initiative underscores the importance of achieving harmony between human communities and UNESCO-recognised natural heritage areas of international significance.

With the support from CIMB Islamic, four comprehensive projects were crafted for communities surrounding PHBR, addressing the domains of environmental education, food waste management, sustainable hiking advocacy, and human-primate coexistence.

These endeavours are further facilitated with collaboration from various environmental organisations, educational institutions, and state government agencies.

In March 2024, these projects underwent rebranding under the collective banner of “Our Nature, Our Treasure”.

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Leveraging on Penang’s status as a tourism hub, a series of CTRE courses was organised and customised for local licensed tour guides in partnership with the Penang Tourist Guides Association (PTGA).

This initiative’s objective is to enrich the expertise of tour guides concerning the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, empowering them to advocate for sustainable practices and nature appreciation to local and international tourists. Additionally, it offers tour guides an avenue for continuous learning to renew their licenses.

The Habitat Academy presents a robust curriculum comprising 10 modules, delivered through a blend of online sessions and immersive field trips spanning Penang Island.

Designed to enrich students’ understanding and ignite their passion for addressing contemporary issues, the programme features home discovery assignments and self-reflection activities.

At the heart of the curriculum lies the focus on linking students with impactful local case studies, facilitating open discussions on pressing concerns like climate change and species loss.

Furthermore, the programme actively seeks to broaden its collaborations with educational partners, providing students with direct access to subject matter experts for in-depth conversations.

A Tale of Two Hills is an innovative mentorship programme that explores the historical hill stations of Malaysia, capturing the essence of history, sense of place, and belonging.

The programme is designed to foster visual storytellers who document the natural heritage and cultural narratives of two of Malaysia’s earliest colonial hill stations: Penang Hill and Maxwell Hill.

Exhibitions were curated to showcase the diverse works of these visual storytellers, covering a wide array of topics such as sustainability, biodiversity, endemic species, the societal impact of colonialism, and the intergenerational dynamics of communities residing in and around the highlands.

Visit their website for more information. This programme was made possible with the support of Think City.

Under the theme of “Coexistence of Penang and Nature – Plants Around Us,” The Habitat Foundation, ArtsEd, and Nature Classroom joined forces to create a community-based learning programme specifically designed for youth. This programme empowers young individuals to conceptualise, design, and implement educational initiatives.

By integrating local knowledge with scientific inquiry, students from SMK Air Itam have gained valuable skills. These include hands-on experience in data collection through onsite mapping, utilising secondary sources for research, conducting chromatography experiments, and participating in community interviews.

In partnership with Roots & Shoots Malaysia and Anak Rimba Books, The Habitat Foundation has crafted a captivating storybook for young children titled “Beyond Mimo’s Tree.” This enchanting tale follows the journey of a baby Dusky Langur as it embarks on a quest to find its way back to its mother within the PHBR.

Designed to engage and educate young readers, this book serves as a delightful introduction to the biodiversity and wonders of the PHBR. It reflects our dedication to celebrating nature’s richness, advocating for environmental conservation, and fostering sustainability within the PHBR region.

You can purchase the book online or find it at selected bookstores in Kuala Lumpur and Penang, including Anak Rimba and Kommune.Store.

As part of The Habitat Foundation’s commitment to cultivating a safe and enriching learning space, particularly for the local community’s youth, we launched the PHBR Nook at the Batu Ferringhi Community Library (BFCL). This dedicated space serves as a hub for educating residents, especially children, on the importance and essence of the PHBR.

Through collaborative initiatives with various stakeholders, THF hosted monthly activities at the PHBR Nook. The activities were designed to provide educational experiences, empowering Batu Ferringhi’s youth with a deeper appreciation of the PHBR’s significance and relevance to their community.

As part of its dedication to promoting sustainable tourism practices and advocating for wildlife conservation within the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve (PHBR), The Habitat Foundation actively encourages academic institutions to embark on firsthand explorations of The Habitat Penang Hill (THPH).

During these visits, participants engage in dynamic exchanges of insights, ideas, and best practices related to sustainable business models and biodiversity conservation.

Additionally, THF offers educational sessions focused on the PHBR and its significance. These visits serve as invaluable opportunities for academia to witness the practical application of sustainability principles and to collaborate on strategies for environmental stewardship.

The Research Trail, located within the Bukit Kerajaan Forest Reserve, acts as a crucial entry point for researchers and special programmes. Regular maintenance of the trail is conducted by THG staff, and it also serves as a demonstration trail. This project’s objective is to enhance accessibility for researchers conducting fieldwork in Penang Hill.

Currently, the project has facilitated access to numerous research projects funded by THF and has offered corporate social responsibility (CSR) opportunities for volunteers.

Looking ahead, it will expand its role to serve as a training platform for extended trail works within the PHBR region.

Our Founders’ Vision for PHBR

The official designation of the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve by the International Coordinating Council of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme in Abuja, Nigeria on 15 September 2021 is certainly a cause for celebration for all of us in Malaysia. With this designation, the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, which comprises 12,481 hectares of marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the north-western part of Penang Island will be counted among a distinguished global network of 714 Biosphere Reserves across 129 countries.

Biosphere Reserves the world over are celebrated for their exceptional biodiversity and distinct social landscapes as well as for their potential to demonstrate innovative ways of living in harmony with nature.

This designation is a recognition of the rich natural and cultural heritage of Penang Island and an opportunity to be part of the Man and the Biosphere Programme which is a unique platform for international collaboration. At this time, almost four years ago, together with the state government and Universiti Sains Malaysia, we were preparing for the Penang Hill BioBlitz 2017, a rapid assessment to document the biodiversity of Penang Hill. Our intention was to stimulate interest in nature and emphasise the importance of conserving our living biodiversity heritage. It was also during this time that the idea of establishing a Biosphere Reserve was seeded. We could not be prouder to see this idea blossom into something much larger than our original vision.

Under the leadership of the Penang Hill Corporation, with the contribution of many State and Federal government agencies involved in the preparation and eventual submission of the nomination dossier, the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve now features not only the timeless forests of Penang Hill but also encompasses the State’s Forest Reserves, the historic Penang Botanical Gardens, Penang National Park, and coastal and marine ecosystems in an unbroken link from the hill to the sea.

Introduction to the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve

Together with the communities that live alongside these areas, the Biosphere Reserve truly represents the best of us, and sets forth a challenge to all of us to steward it well.

On behalf of all of us from The Habitat Penang Hill and The Habitat Foundation, we would like to extend our sincere appreciation and congratulations to the Chief Minister of Penang, the Penang Hill Corporation and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources on this momentous occasion. It has been a pleasure and a privilege to work with you all on this historic initiative and to have supported it from conception to the happy announcement today.
The UNESCO designation today is confirmation that all our joint efforts have been well invested and we are optimistic that the history of close collaboration among all key agencies, it will signal the beginning of an exciting and meaningful journey towards our common vision.

Going forward, The Habitat Group remains committed to showcasing nature on Penang Hill and realising the potential Penang Island has to become an important global centre for tropical research and conservation, environmental education, and best practice in sustainable natural resource management at a time in our planet’s history where the healing power of nature and environmental leadership have never been more important.

Dato’ Harry A. Cockrell, Co-Founder & Chairman of The Habitat Group
A. Reza Cockrell, Co-Founder & Executive Director of The Habitat Group

Here are some quick facts about the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve (PHBR):
  • It's the third Biosphere Reserve in Malaysia after Tasik Chini BR in Pahang and Crocker Range BR in Sabah.
  • It covers approximately a quarter of the entire Penang Island’s land area
  • PHBR comprises three main ecosystems: forest, coastal and marine
  • Despite the name, the PHBR encompasses not only Penang Hill but also the broader landscape surrounding the famous hill
  • It includes prominent areas such as Penang National Park, Penang Botanic Gardens, two water dams, six forest reserves and eight water catchment areas.

More about PHBR

Zonation

The Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve (PHBR) boasts a diverse array of natural landscapes, ranging from hill forests and coastal forests to mangroves, sandy beaches, and marine ecosystems. To safeguard this ecological treasure, the reserve is divided into carefully managed zones designed to minimize human impact while fostering sustainable interaction with nature.

Core Area

Spanning approximately 5,757 hectares, the core area lies at the heart of PHBR, encompassing both inland and marine environments. Protected by a coalition of government agencies, this vital region serves as a focal point for geographical, archaeological, historical, ethnological, scientific, and scenic interests. It comprises four main regions, including;

Penang National Park
  • Government Hill FR
  • Teluk Bahang FR
  • Laksamana FR
  • Penang Hill FR
  • Highlands FR
  • Acheh Beach FR
  • Ayer Itam WC
  • Water Fall WC
  • Highland Waterfall WC
  • Batu Ferringhi WC
  • Guillemard WC
  • Sungai Pinang WC
  • Tiger Hill WC
  • Teluk Bahang WC
  • Teluk Bahang Dam
  • Ayer Itam Dam

Buffer Zone

Surrounding the core area is the buffer zone, covering 2,716 hectares and extending 50 meters inland and 0.5 nautical miles offshore. This zone acts as a protective barrier, shielding the core area from external threats while allowing for controlled, sustainable development aligned with conservation objectives.

Here, activities such as forestry, agriculture, eco-tourism, and recreation are carefully managed to preserve the ecological integrity of the reserve.

Transition Area

Encompassing 4,548 hectares, the transition area serves as a secondary protective zone, supporting infrastructure and development initiatives while adhering to government regulations. This region, teeming with biodiversity and natural attractions, accommodates a range of socio-economic activities, including settlements, forests, agriculture, and popular tourist destinations like Penang Hill and the Penang Botanic Gardens.

With its diverse offerings and rich cultural heritage, the transition area embodies the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature within the PHBR.

Gateways of PHBR

The Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve comprises a network of captivating gateways, each offering a unique entry point to this natural wonderland.

From rainforests to botanic gardens, rivers to mangroves, and the ocean, these entry points invite everyone to immerse themselves in the area’s rich biodiversity and cultural heritage. They provide abundant opportunities to foster an understanding of flora and fauna and the ways nature provides for our basic needs and enriches our lives.

Since its establishment in 1789, Penang Hill has been a cherished nature retreat for both locals and international visitors alike. Its lush surroundings and rich history, including colonial-era bungalows, provide a tranquil escape and a fascinating glimpse into the area’s heritage. Notably, the recently restored Edgecliff Bungalow now serves as an educational gallery, offering insights into the geological, historical, and biodiversity heritage of the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve (PHBR).

Nestled on the edge of Government Hill Forest Reserve (Hutan Simpan Bukit Kerajaan), The Habitat Penang Hill is renowned for its world-class rainforest discovery experiences. With a 1.2 km nature trail, iconic treetop walkway, and canopy bridge, it aims to ignite curiosity and promote conservation awareness among its visitors. Profits generated by the park are channeled to The Habitat Foundation, supporting conservation science, environmental education, and sustainable tourism initiatives.

Penang National Park (PNP) holds the distinction of being the smallest national park in Malaysia, yet it is set apart by being the only national park in Peninsular Malaysia with a coastal habitat. It encompasses a diverse range of ecosystems, from sandy and rocky shores to mangroves. Despite its size, PNP offers pristine beaches, a meromictic lake, a turtle sanctuary, and the Center for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS). This makes it an ideal destination for individuals of all ages to explore and gain insight into the rich biodiversity of Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, spanning from the hill to the sea.

Established in 1884, Penang Botanic Gardens (PBG) holds botanical significance as the ‘type locality’ for 35 plant species and subspecies that were first collected within its grounds. Beyond its botanical importance, PBG also serves as a “green lung” for Metropolitan Penang, providing a sanctuary of lush greenery amidst urban development. Its unique status as Malaysia’s one-of-a-kind botanical garden makes it a beloved park and a popular tourist destination in Penang, attracting visitors with its rich biodiversity and serene atmosphere.

The space serves as a vibrant hub for people of all ages and backgrounds to interact and engage in various activities. From playgrounds to a skate park, reflexology path, women’s gym, swimming pools, and a cafe, there’s something for everyone to enjoy. It provides an ideal setting for learning and interaction, catering to diverse interests and generations. Situated amidst natural surroundings, it offers opportunities to explore biodiversity while enjoying the park’s amenities.

Spanning a vast 32 hectares, the amenity forest (hutan lipur), also known as Taman Rimba Teluk Bahang, serves as an excellent introduction to the Malaysian rainforest. Within its grounds, visitors can discover well-equipped picnic and camping areas, a playground, and an extensive network of hiking trails.

Nature enthusiasts will delight in exploring a small waterfall and several dipping pools, offering opportunities for a refreshing dip amidst the lush surroundings. Moreover, the Penang Forestry Museum within the park features eight dioramas showcasing various forest types, including mangrove swamp forest, coastal hill forest, lowland dipterocarp forest, and montane ericaceous forest.

The Teluk Bahang and Ayer Itam Dams serve as vital components of Penang’s water supply system, underscoring the intricate interplay between humanity and nature. Nestled amidst meticulously preserved forests, these dams bolster water security for the local community.

Moreover, they serve as gateways to the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve (PHBR), providing visitors with a chance to immerse themselves in the breathtaking landscapes that envelop them. Amidst the crisp, fresh air, visitors can admire the diverse array of wildlife species that inhabit these dam surroundings.

Iconic Species of PHBR

At the summit of the hill are botanical treasures such as the Jewel Orchid, Penang Slipper Orchid, Borneo Kauri, White-margin Pitcher Plant, Voodoo Lily, and Penang Hill Ginger. Each of these iconic plants contributes to the unique tapestry of biodiversity that characterizes the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve.

Equally remarkable is the fauna residing on the hill, showcasing a spectrum of rare and fascinating species. Encounter the elusive Malaysian Trapdoor Spider, the captivating Penang Hill Vampire Crab, the well-camouflaged Penang Banded Gecko, and the acrobatic Red Giant Flying Squirrel. Delve into the intriguing world of the Malaysian Blue Coral Snake and the distinctive Penang Stream Toad. These creatures, among others, play vital roles in the delicate balance of the biosphere, adding to the allure of Penang Hill as a haven for biodiversity enthusiasts and nature admirers alike.

Unique Plants of Penang Hill

Commonly known as the Jewel Orchid, this fascinating orchid species is prized for its eye-catching leaves, which have a dark green base covered in a network of fine copper-red veins.

This captivating orchid is exceedingly rare in the wild, as a result of decades of overcollection. This captivating orchid was once common on PHBR.

The fragrant resin (or damar) of this highland timber species was traditionally used for lighting fires, as waterproofing for boats, and as medicine.

This carnivorous plant uses its trichomes or “hair” to lure termites into the pitchers. It makes a meal of them by digesting them with special plant enzymes.

This unusual ‘corpse’ flower emits an unpleasant smell, ideal for attracting pollinators.

This species of ginger can only be found in Penang, above certain elevation on Penang Hill. Individual flowers are arranged on one side and are pale yellow with transparent fine lines.

Featured Animals of the Biosphere Reserve

This spider crafts a trapdoor out of silk and soil and places it on top of its burrow. Then, it waits. Once its silken tripwires betray movement, it springs from its position, surprising and capturing its prey.

This thumbnail-sized crab lives near freshwater streams and among the fronds of plants that hold rainwater. They are found only on Penang Hill and nowhere else in the world.

This endemic gecko has a large head, elongated body and limbs. It is easily recognised by its distinctive banded markings.

One of the largest flying squirrels in Southeast Asia, this nocturnal mammal is known to expertly glide distances of 100 meters between trees. During the day, it rests in its tree hole in the canopy.

This electric blue snake is mesmerising to look at but best beware; it is among the world’s most venomous. Fortunately, it is not usually aggressive and keeps away from humans.

This adorable toad is only found on Penang Island. It is a species of rocky rainforest streams.

The shy dolphin may be seen in the coastal waters of Penang. It is endangered throughout its natural range which spans the river deltas of Southeast Asia.

Named for its olive green heart-shaped carapace (top shell), the Olive Ridley is the smallest of the world’s seven marine turtle species. These turtles nest on the secluded quartz beaches of Penang National Park.
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